## RC Fireworks Ignition System

Hi there

It's been kind of a while since we published the last article. Actually the topic of this one is pretty cool and can be used for many purposes such as mole hunting 2.0 :D.

So everything started with an idea. A simple idea. "Hey! we should drop fake bombs from our R/C plane!". Then, "Hey, smoke would look great on this R/C plane!", and finally, "Hey! We should launch fake rockets from our R/C plane!" (and yes, we are grown up people with employement... )

We started doing it by hand, firing the smoke and the firecrackers with matches just before to take-off. It was nice, but we had to hurry and we could not decide on when the smoke/firecracker should be launched.

# The principle

After looking on the Internet for automatic ignition systems, we came up with our personnal DIY system, which, while not perfect, gives pretty neat results!

There isn't that many options to automatically light a firecracker's wick:

• We can use the principle of a lighter, that is, having an embedded tank of flammable gaz, a system to generate a sparkle, and an automatic valve.
• Or we can use a thin steel wire and put a large current run it so it would become incandescent.

The first solution would involve a too complicated system for the sunday DIYers that we are. Also, we were not sure how it would behave with all the relative wind there is on a plane. We decided to adopt the second method.

To have a reliable and effective ignition system, the key is to reach a temperature that would effectively light the wick, but not TOO hot in order not to destroy the wire or even the plane's battery.

# First version

#### The coil

So we started by using a wire that came from a stranded wire (itself coming from an old computer power supply unit). We took 3 or 3 strands, twisted them, cut around 10cm (4inches) of it and shaped it as a coil around the wick. then, we put our protective glasses, gloves, and put the power. the coil instantly melted, ligthing up the wick! So it worked

#### The switch

We only had to find a way to put the power when the plane was in the air. That was a tricky question because in an R/C plane even if you have a very powerfull battery that can provide 300 or 400W easily, you still need a switch that will withstand this kind of power. But in a plane you also have the PWM output of servos comming from the R/C receiver. Several solutions here : the most aesthetic one is to buy/design an electrical relay that is triggered by a channel of your R/C controller. but as I said, we where in a hurry to make this plane in the air, so we opted for the most epic switch ever: a servomotor with hot-glued wires on it that make contact when we trigger a channel on the transmittor. Effective, very ugly, that was perfect!

So it worked like this for a few flights, with the obligation of crafting a new coil for each successful ignited firework. kind of boring after a few ones... So we decided to improve a little the system.

# The improved version

#### Basic physics..

I had some steel wire remaining from an old project (a hot-wire cutting table to cut airfoils out of foam blocks). I knew that it could become very hot without breaking by experiment it back then. So we first got some wire, and measured the electrical resistance per meter which was around 10ohm per meter. Let call it Rw.
The resistance of a wire is proportionnal to its length. So we have:

By experimentation, we also knew that a power of around 100W would do the trick : it's enough to provide very big sparks, but not enough to damage the battery and to reduce the autonomy of the plane. So to calculate the length of the wire we need, it's really easy physics :

it's a simple resistive circuitry, so we have the famous

Also the power consumed is given by

Injecting the ohm equation gives us

We inject the very first equation giving us

Only very basic math and physics here. Applying it to our problem gives us (the average voltage on a plane that is flying with mid throttle on 3S is 11V).

#### On the Bixler...

That is a neat result because it allows for a small enough wire to be shaped as we want to make it easier to lock the wick. We decided to cut it in half and put it each side of the Bixler's wing. We cut a can and glued it to protect the wing from the rocket's projections. We also doubled the circuitry with 2 switches to have another ignition system to light up smoke

Here is an amazing video demonstrating the rockets and the smoke bombs, it also features some night flights with the Bixler 2!

## Magnometer calibration

All of our smartphones have an integrated compass. It can be very useful when you are looking for in which direction you should start heading while walking. However, you have probably noticed that sometimes, the direction showed by our phones can be quite...wrong! It happens when the compass has not been calibrated correctly. But if you try to turn the compass around in every direction, you'll probably notice that the direction arrow finally takes the right direction. Why? Because the smartphone is doing a "live" calibration as you move the compass.

What you should keep from this introduction is that compass calibration is fundamental ! Don't intend on using a magnetic sensor in your project unless you have it calibrated. Otherwise, the data you'll be using will probably be inaccurate, if not completely random 😀

##### Back to basics
###### What does a magnetometer do?

"NOPE! (Chuck Testa)"

The magnetometer gives you a three dimensional vector of the magnetic field it senses. This magnetic field is a combination of both the earth's field and of the magnetic field created by all the surrounding objects. And this second magnetic field is far from being negligible,  especially in our hobbyist projects where there's electronics (and motors) all around.

Theoretically, the measured magnetic field should :

•  be centered around 0
• always have the same strength

If we could represent it in 3D, it should basically look like a perfect sphere centered in 0.

In reality :

• it is not centered around 0, because of the presence of other magnetic fields around the sensors(such as other magnets, electric wires) : it is hard iron distortion.
• it does not have a constant strength, because of the presence of other ferromagnetic materials around the sensors, which skew the magnetic field. This is soft iron distortion.

What we get is essentially a potato-shaped magnetic field (because of soft iron distortion), that is not even centered (because of hard iron distortion).

##### Calibration techniques
###### Hard Iron distortion

Hard iron errors introduce an offset in the magnetometer data

To get this offset is pretty simple : we keep track of the maximum and minimum values the magnetometer outputs on each axis while moving it in space. From what we know the maximum and minimum should be centered around 0, so we get the offset by :

We can then subtract the measured offset from each raw measurement in order to get  hard iron free data.

###### Soft Iron distortion

Here, the work consist in transforming a potato in an orange. Or, transforming an ellipsoid into a sphere, if you prefer. It's actually easier than it sounds. There are  obviously mathematical formulas that involve matrices but let's keep it simple here.

Let's say earth magnetic field's value is F. It is the norm of the vector given by the magnetometer. While we've seen it should be the same on the three axes, experience shows it's not. So let's assume we have measured the maximum magnetic field Fx for the x axis,Fy for the y axis, Fz for the z axis.

We then calculate the average field value F by :

Let's assume that F = 1. If F_x = 0.8, it means that F_x is only 80% of the average field value. Hence the potato. Now if we simply multiply all the incoming x values by F/F_x, the potato effect, will be gone, as we expand the range of the x values so that it is no longer 80% of what it should be, but 100%.

###### Final equation

If we no combine the two equations and use vectors, we get:

Scale transforms the potato into an orange(soft iron distortion) and the Offsets vector brings it back in the center(hard iron).

###### Calibration process

The calibration consist in getting the min/max values of x/y/z fields, and then calculations the offsets and scale factors. The more you move the magnetometer in all directions, the more efficient your calibration will be.

###### Using calibration data

// We get the raw values here  in mx,my,mz

//(this is pseudo code)

// Now we apply the calibration data

mx = (int)((scale_x)*(mx-x_offset));
my = (int)((scale_y)*(my-y_offset));
mz = (int)((scale_y)*(mz-z_offset));


##### Results

Using Processing and  a slightly modified version of this program, I was able to quickly draw the 3D representation of the magnetic field. The video shows the before/after.

As you can see, hard irons distortion was HUGE before calibration. I could never have gotten reliable readings without correcting them. Soft iron errors were also present, and completely removed by the calibration.

## T-Rex 700L Dominator

Hey there !
It's been a while since the last article... So let's talk about something big this time. something really big. REALLY. The T-REX 700L Dominator, a class 700 (rotor size of about 1.6m, 5kg) helicopter made by Align. If you remember, I started to fly helis with an other Align helicopter, the T-REX 450 Sport V2. We remember beeing very afraid of it when the rotor started to spool up for the first time. Let me be clear, this T700 has NOTHING to do with it.

So, from a technical point of view, this 700 heli is the most advanced version of the T700E, first 700 electric heli made by align of this side. It features the last upgrades of the frame, BL815H and BL855H brushless servos, the 800MX Align motor, a Castle Creation 120A ESC and the DFC rotor head. The stabilization control is done by the new GPro controller (formerly known as 4GX)

The Cyclic BL815H brushless servomotors

The huge 800MX Align motor.. A real monster !

The built is really straighforward and you just have to follow the manual :). Beware to threadlock all the metal-to-metal screws and VERIFY it's well locked ! I crashed because a servo screw became loose...

The frame beeing assembled

As I said, it comes with the latest "inovations" from Align, so you have two helicoidal gears wich make a really nice sound once in the air

Close-up view of the motor and servos

Tail and servo tail

View of the implentation of components

As I didn't have (still don't) a High Voltage receiver, I had to think a little about electronics in this bird. This is the wiring I used to power the servos with HV source (2S lipo = 8.4V fully charged), and feed the receiver with a safe 5V.
Electronic wiring

The BEC component is actually in the T700L Dominator kit, good point for Align (again) :-D.

Tail assembly details
One word about the CC 120A ESC. When using lower head speed (<1800RPM), the CC tends to get very hot (above 100°C). This can lead to the destruction of the device. I wanted to put a 1500RPM head speed at first but changed my mind after seeing that. 1850RPM works fine for me. As you can see in the next picture, I put the controller on the rear of the frame, which is excellent in terms of heat because we have a giant propeller above it that helps to cool it down

Setting the GPro up is really a piece of cake, we can see Align really cared about the ease of use for this device. It comes with a free software for PC, Android and Iphone users! Note that for the phones, you have to buy a BlueTooth device separately.

GPro unit

As I could expect, it flies REALLY well, and the FBL head is quite amazing at all head speeds I tried (from 1500 to 2100).

## The drone parachute

Multicopters can become deadly weapons if the motors stop spinning as they should. There are so many reasons for a failure to happen (bad motors, bad battery, radio problems,etc...)  that it is absolutely necessary for the pilot to anticipate it, especially if you intend to flight over people's head!  We made the choice to never fly directly above people, but if you're willing take that risk,  you might be interested into getting a parachute on your drone . That's why we designed last year a DIY parachute for our quadcopter

The principle is very simple : the parachute is carefully folded  in a tube on top of which lies a lid that a servomotor keeps closed. At the bottom of the tube, a big spring pushes strongly the parachute towards its top end. So if the servo lets the lid go, the spring will push the parachute in the air.

I recommend you use a strong spring, so the parachute is entirely pushed out when the servo releases the lid. The spring we used is 10cm long, has 8 turns and is 3.5cm wide. It can be fully compressed under pressure, which is what we wanted here, in order to get the smaller parachute we could.

One of the major problems with parachutes is that the air needs to get "under" the parachute envelope in order to make it act as it should. If it doesn't , the parachute will become useless. We followed the method described in the following video :

### Parachute surface calculation

Obviously, your parachute's surface needs to match the weight of your copter, and the desired landing speed you would like to reach. I think a commonly accepted falling speeds sits around 5m/s (18km/h).

We found in the past a pretty useful formula that gives the diameter of tissue to use depending on the weight you want to slow down and its expected falling speed:

, with m in grams and V in km/h.

For our 1kg drone, it gives us a diameter of 122cm. As you can see, the parachute can quickly become huge compared to the size of your multicopter, and you should maybe start thinking about where to place it on your drone from the very beginning of its conception.

For our quadcopter, we used a slightly smaller parachute (taken from a distress rocket) than the 120cm recommended size given by the formula, which led to higher falling speeds than the expected 5m/s, but it stayed slow enough to keep the drone intact after many, many test flights !

Here's the final video

Comment if you have any question !

## PiWeather part 4 : first PCBs

I don't have so much time to give to this project, but PiWeather is still moving forward!

The first prototype only had a DS18B20 temperature sensor, and was working on a breadboard, so the next logical step was to design and realize a first PCB for the project. I also moved from the DS18B20 to the DHT22 sensor because it gives both temperature and humidity, and is pretty accurate. I added to that a pressure sensor : the BMP085, sometimes referred to as GY 65 on eBay! This would give my sensor unit the ability to read pressure, temperature and humidity.  That's a good start !

I used EAGLE to design the schematics and the PCB :

We made the PCB ourselves like we did for our old quadcopter flight controller shield. It is pretty hard to get good results with homemade PCBs, and the tracks have to be very big if you want to be sure there won't be any problems. We got a working PCB on which we soldered the components, and it succesfully worked, powered by two AA cells!

I am pretty happy with this PCB as it works great, but it obviously has drawbacks:

• PCB making is the worst. It never works as you want, there always is a problem, some tracks are too thin, some are too thick, you have to carefully check for possible shorts...
• There is no protection against oxydation. Of course you can by some sprays for that, but I don't know if that would work great for an outdoor sensor.
• The minimum track width is too big to make something small and reliable
• It's very, very ugly 😀

So I started to look for inexpensive solutions for my PCB to get produced in a "professional" way. And I found exactly what I wanted on Seeedstudio.com .They offer a very cheap PCB service starting at 9.99$for 5 PCBs of max 5cm x 5cm. Perfect! Seeedstudio provides you design rule files for EAGLE, so you can see directly if your design will respect their process. I designed a new 2 layer PCB that Seedstudio produced and sent to me in a few days. I was blown away by the quality of the boards 😀 The v0.2 finally took life and is ready for duty ! In the next weeks we'll try to build the first outdoor sensor, which will be solar powered. Then we'll probably deploy the website hosting the data gathered by the numerous PiWeather stations 😀 Cheers Update 25/10/14 : The schematics are on github : https://github.com/psykhi/PiWeatherEAGLE I also created a Raspberry Pi shield in order to plug the nRF24L01+ I will write an article about it! ## PiWeather, part 3: low power design of the first prototype In this third article about the PiWeather project, I will present a few techniques I used to design the first PiWeather prototype. When I tried to write down for the first time the "specifications" of my sensor units, I thought that getting to more than one year of battery life would be satisfying. But I really didn't have any idea if I could reach this goal with an Arduino. It turns out you can. And, depending on your project obviously, you can reach very, very long battery lives with a regular Atmega328p used on a regular Arduino UNO.Let's go through a case study here, with a 220 mAh CRC2032 battery. It delivers 3V but let's pretend here it can deliver 5V for the sake of simplicity. ## Get rid of the Arduino board. This decision is a no brainer. There is no way to make something low powered when using the Arduino board. It's actually quite logical when you think about it. It packs many more things than the 328p itself, like an FTDI chip, 3.3 and 5V regulators. A program running on a regular Arduino UNO board will draw about 55mA, which is a LOT .The CR2032 battery will live 4 hours. Now remove the 328p from the UNO board, put it on a breadboard with a 16 MHz quart and a, 5V power supply. You get down to 11mA. Now the battery will last 5 times longer, so 20 hours. Only 20?! ## Does your application need to run at 16MHz@5V ? If you' re working on a low power project, what you want is to only monitor some values, and take simple actions from the data you read. My sensor units only need to read what the sensors tell them, and send these data back to the Pi. There is absolutely no need for performance, therefore no need to run at 16MHz. A side effect of lowering operating frequency, is that you can also lower the AtMega328 voltage. Indeed, it requires 4.2V to safely operate at 16MHz. At 8MHz, you only need to give it more 2.4V. Which means you could use a single cell battery such as a CR2032, or two AA/AAA batteries. The difference between running at 16MHz@5V and 8MHz@3V is huge : power consumption drops from 11mA to roughly 3-4mA! Another very big save. Another advantage of running the ATMega at 8MHz is that you can use its internal oscillator, thus eliminating the need for a crystal(or resonator). That's why I chose the 8MHz frequency for this project. ## Save power with good software The software part is as important as the hardware part, when trying to reach lowest consumptions. Indeed, the ATMega328 has different sleep modes that can theoretically reduce its power draw to barely 100nA! When used in the "default" mode, the Arduino will just endlessly run through the loop function, event if there is nothing to do. This will draw around 4mA running 8MHz@3V. This barely gives us a battery life of 56 hours with a CR2032 cell. ### Use interrupts The ATMega328 can be put into different sleep modes. The "highest" sleep mode basically turns off the Arduino. The only to wake it up is then to trigger an interrupt (that you will have previously registered in your setup() function !). A possible source of interrupt is the change of state on one of the Arduino's pins. Another way of triggering an interrupt is to use a timer. Timers can generate an interrupt periodically to trigger an action. The maximum sleeping time you can achieve with the Arduino is unfortunately pretty low : 8 seconds. This means that if you want, like me, to sleep for minutes between every action, you'll have to keep track of a counter to reach the desired sleeping time. I found the Low-Power library to be pretty useful. It keeps away the ugly register assigning code and makes sleeping a breeze ## The results My code is pretty simple. Sleep 800 seconds (around 13 minutes), wake up,acquire and send the sensors data (a few seconds), and go back to sleep for 800 seconds. The average power draw while sleeping is 6 µA, due to the watchdog timer of the Arduino. The few milliamps drawn at wake up can be ignored since they represent less than 0.5% off the total time, which gives us approximately 225/0.006=1562.5 days of battery life. This is much better. If you don't need the timers and can get external interrupts to wake up your device, you can achieve a lifetime that will essentially be your battery life time! ## First prototype The first sensor unit prototype is very simple. A DS18B20 temperature sensor, an ATMega328p and a nF24L01+ for RF communication. The power is given by a CR2032 battery. One of the flaws of this design is the minimum voltage required by the DS18B20. It theoretically is 3V. The CR2032 voltage is 3V when new, but slowly goes down until around 2.8V (then it's pretty much flat). It turns out the DS18B20 behave completely normally, even at 2.8V, but powering a sensor outside its recommended operating voltage range is probably never a good thing.The second prototype, which I'll present in a future article, fixed this That's it for this short introduction to low power design for Arduino. If you want to know everything about Arduino and low-power, read Nick Gammon's great posts here ## PiWeather : How to communicate wirelessly between an Arduino and a Raspberry Pi If you wonder what PiWeather is, check out the first article I wrote ! One of the key part of this project is to first determinate what technology to use to transmit the data and second how to encode the data to send. What I wanted was: • Reliability • Low power design • Good range (enough to cover a small house) • Ease of use • Something cheap • Something that could work simply on the Arduino and Raspberry Pi side # RF chip My first choice was spontaneously to pick 433MHz RX and TX as they are incredibly cheap and can reach a pretty long range if you associate them with the right antennas. The problem with these is that the very low-level side of the transmission. If you put the TX pin high, the RX pin will go high too, and that's it. You really have to do all the encoding by yourself, and if you want it to be really reliable, you must provide a way to ensure all your data were transmitted correctly (like a CRC). I first thought I would have to cope with this and handle all this low-level part by myself on both the Pi and Arduino's sides, when I stumbled upon the one RF chip I needed: the 2.4GHz nRFL24L01+. The nRF24L01+ was exactly what I needed: cheap, low power, easily connected to a Pi or an Arduino through SPI, built-in CRC, both RX and TX at the same time, multi pipe, and more! It also is really easy to use through SPI: just give it the bytes you want to send (up to 32), and send it to the address of your choice. The same thing goes for the RX mode, it can even generate an IRQ when a message has come! I used the library from Stanly Seow on both Arduino and Raspberry's side, and it works pretty good! One flaw of the Pi's implementation is that it doesn't use interrupts generated by the nRFL2401+, so it kind of stalls the Pi polling the chip. I modified it a bit to use interrupts from the great WiringPi library, allowing my program to sleep 99.9% of the time. I will get into these details in an other post, stay tuned 😉 Okay, so I know how data will go from my sensor units to the Pi. But what am I going to send? # Messages So far, I've thought about sending the following data to the Pi from the sensor units: • Temperature • Pressure • Humidity • Wind speed • Wind direction • Rain metrics • Unit battery level, to detect low voltage Also, my units needed some kind of address or unique ID so the Pi could easily recognize them, so I added an ID in the list of things I could possibly send. I could have decided of my own encoding format, but what if I change in the future the things I send and in which order, etc? You can see now that encoding the data in a forward compatible way is really not that simple! I actually never thought about encoding myself the data 😀 It was just to show you that it is definitely not a piece of cake. I knew exactly what I needed to use : Google Protocol Buffers From the Google website , "Protocol buffers are Google's language-neutral, platform-neutral, extensible mechanism for serializing structured data – think XML, but smaller, faster, and simpler". You can find libraries to use them in almost any available language, from a micro controller with 2kB of RAM running C code, to a server running PHP or Python. ### So how does it work? You first describe the messages you want to send in a file having the .proto extension: message SensorData{ required int32 id=1; optional bool binding= 2; optional float temperature = 3; optional int32 battery_level = 4; optional float pressure = 5; optional float humidity = 6; optional int32 type = 7; }  message is the keyword required to start defining a message. Then it looks a bit like a mix of a C structure and enum declaration. You define your fields and attribute them a unique ID (ex : the field temperature has the ID 3), and then add if your field is optional or required in the message. In this case, each of my sensor units will have to send its ID to the Pi during a transaction so the Pi know who it is talking to, but some sensors will retrieve temperatures, some wind speed, some pressure, so I made all the other fields optionals. If I want in the future, to add a new data to my message SensorData, such as windspeed, I can just modify my the proto file like so: message SensorData{ required int32 id=1; optional bool binding= 2; optional float temperature = 3; optional int32 battery_level = 4; optional float pressure = 5; optional float humidity = 6; optional int32 type = 7; optional float wind_speed = 8; }  And you know what the great part about this is? It will be backward compatible with the existing sensor units using the "old" messages! So no need to re-flash the existing sensor units if I had optional fields in my messages, which is a very, very nice thing I won't get more into details for GPB here, their website has tons of examples of how to use them! To actually use these messages, you need to translate them into the language you are using. I chose to use NanoPb, which is a very good implementation of protocol buffers for embedded systems. It has a tiny footprint (less than 2kB!) and generates all the code you need to include in your project, so no need to link against a lib, which is always good news 😉 NanoPb takes the proto file and creates the associated C structures, encoding/decoding functions for my messages. The generated structure looks like this:  typedef struct _SensorData { int32_t id; bool has_binding; bool binding; bool has_temperature; float temperature; bool has_battery_level; int32_t battery_level; bool has_pressure; float pressure; bool has_humidity; float humidity; bool has_type; int32_t type; } SensorData;  Let's say my sensor unit has both a temperature sensor, and a humidity sensor. If I want to send the data to the Pi, I can do like so:  SensorData message; uint8_t sensorDataBuffer[32];/*Maximum size you can send with the nRF24L01*/ pb_ostream_t stream; message->has_temperature=true; message->temperature=sensor.temp(); message->has_humidity=true; message->humidity=sensor.humidity(); message->id=42; /*The unit ID*/ /*Let's encode this with nanopb*/ stream = pb_ostream_from_buffer(sensorDataBuffer, sizeof(sensorDataBuffer)); pb_encode(&stream, SensorData_fields, message); /*Now our encoded data is in the sensorDataBuffer, ready to be sent ! */ nRF24.send(sensorDataBuffer);  It's as simple as that, and very powerful. I think protocol buffers are really the right way to go for size constrained embedded applications such as this one. But don't think they are only used for small applications, they can be so powerful that they are wildly used in different industries to send big loads of data, through nested messages for example 😉 So that's it, I introduced you the chip I use to make the communications, and the format I adopted for the messages my sensors send wirelessly. I think I will go back on this in a coming article where I will define exactly how the software I developed works. Cheers ## PiWeather weather station : introduction # The weather station project (codename : PiWeather) It's been quite a while we haven't posted anything here, but it doesn't mean we're not working on cool things ! A few months ago, I thought it would be cool and useful if I could monitor temperatures inside and outside of my apartment. This way I could know when to open the windows or close them in summer when it gets warmer outside than inside, and the other way around. Then I figured that I might as well add other data, such as pressure, humidity, maybe wind speed and others if I gather the time and the energy to go through with my project, which I admit, rarely happens 😀 Anyway, things are now moving with the project so now is the time to write here. The idea for this first article is to introduce briefly what I will do and how I am planning to do it. I will update this article in the future with links to the latest articles I post about the PiWeather project. ## Architecture As you probably guessed from the project's codename, the central unit is a Raspberry Pi. The Pi itself does not host any sensor. It will instead be connected wirelessly to them, or more precisely, to what I will call from now on “sensor units”. These sensor units will be Arduino based (what a surprise!) sensor platforms. I mean by this that a sensor unit can host more than one sensor on board, like both a pressure sensor and a temperature sensor for example. ## Goals My goals are : • No wires : While the Pi will be connected both to a power source and through Ethernet, the sensor units must be wireless. • Plug and play sensors. Just put a battery inside a sensor unit, and you're done. No complicated setup on the computer, through switches, nor command lines. • Longest possible battery life for the sensor units. If you have to change batteries every other week, then being wireless has in fact no point. • Web interface to monitor and access all the logged data • Use cheap parts There are probably tons and tons of similar projects on the Internet, and I don't really care. The point is as always to have fun, learn, design, and do something useful...Okay, it's not always useful ## Technical topics On a technical side, the topics I will try to approach during this long journey are: • The sensors I used or plan to use • Low power Arduino design • Arduino development in Eclipse • Raspberry Pi program cross compilation • Communicate wirelessly between an Arduino and a raspberry Pi • Google protocol buffers • Symfony 2 PHP framework • Create a daemon for Linux • Interrupts on Raspberry Pi • PCB design • Case design (if I make to this stage obviously :D) • Twitter Bootstrap • Javascript • jQuery • mySQL • phpmyadmin This list is not exhaustive, but it shows that this project approaches a very broad range of domains and languages . The articles won't be a series of tutorials. Nothing I will do is new, I will instead focus more on how all of these things work together, and how the design evolves through time. And this ends this introduction post Follow our RSS feed if you want to hear more about the PiWeather project ! ## The tricopter Hi everyone! We have been pretty busy since we got our Ardupilot and setting it up was so easy and fun that we decided that it could be fun to get another multicopter with a "ready to fly" flight controller, so we would just have to take care of building the frame ! We decided to build a multicopter and use it with a cheap multiwii board from hobbyking As great as the Ardupilot is, we didn't want to pay 180$ again for a flight controller, and we thought that this time we didn't need a full fledge controller, with GPS and telemetry; just something to have fun with. So we started to look for a cheap multiwii board, and we found "the one" on hobbyking: the Multiwii 328P flight controller.

The price of this thing (28\$...) is actually pretty insane, and I would recommend this board to anyone who would like to work with IMUs, to track motion and position, not just to power a multicopter! Just plug it into your computer, launch the Arduino IDE, select Arduino Duelmilanove 328 in the board list and you're ready to go! We definitely should have bought something like this when we started to work on our quadcopter, it woud have been so much cheaper than buying the sensors separately and would have avoided so much troubles with soldering/ fitting everyhting on a tiny PCB !

We decided to build a tricopter because we always thought that their flight behavior seemed really nice and we wanted something a bit smaller and a bit more nervous than our quadcopter. Our quadcopter was a pretty standard one, with arms 25 centimers wide, a good size to get stability and space to carry a GoPro and a FPV setup. We decided to make the tricopter is a bit smaller, with motors 20 centimeters away from the center of the tricopter triangle and to use the same Turnigy SK3 1130kv motors as on our quad. They work great and we had 3 motors left, so no need to buy new ones ! And with these motors, the tricopter would have enough power to carry a GoPro

While we took the "hardcore" approach with our full carbon quadcopter, designing it with CATIA, cutting it with a CNC mill, the tricopter construction was quite the opposite. It took us just a couple of hours to build it from scratch with no real plans. The hardest part was the rear servo mecanism, as it always is with tricopters.

Everything is made of carbon fiber, so it's pretty lightweight and power efficient. We get more than 11 minutes of flight with a 2200 mAh 3S LiPo battery.And it flies very, very well. Tricopters are very fun to pilot, there behavior is really close to an Heli behavior, it kinds of floats in the air and vertical descents can be very fast and stable. The yaw control is obviously much stronger than on a quadcopter so it can be maneuvered easily in very small areas. It carries a GoPro and its case without any problems, so we think it's the perfect toy to play with if you want to film withou stabilization nor FPV!

If you are considering building a drone, you should really consider building a tricopter. It may be harder to figure out how to handle the yaw servo, but it's so fun to play with! Go for it

A little video where we used the tricopter (80% of the footage)

Stay tuned for more fun with drones and other things

## Animal motion detection : an Arduino project for photography

I'm going to talk to you about a simple, yet fun project I did last year : an animal detection device that could control my DSLR and take pictures.

I thought that it would be a fairly simple thing to do with Arduino and a motion sensor. I chose to use an IR sensor because they are very cheap and efficient, and bought the PIR sensor from parallax. It just has a single bit output, so it's super simple to use with an Arduino. It is very sensitive and fits well this application. The only bad thing about it is that it has an incorporated LED that turns red every time a motion is detected, which is probably useful for most use cases, but not in my situation 😀 I just cut the circuit track leading to the LED so it wouldn't turn red anymore.

Once we have the information about whether  a living thing is in front of the sensor or not, we need to control the camera to trigger it. This part really depends on what kind of camera you own, if it can accept a remote control or not. If it doesn't, one way to trigger it is to use a servo motor to press the shutter button (with the Arduino Servo library), but the problem might be the noise it generates when moving, which could scare the animals. My DSLR ( a  Canon 550D) has a jack input for remote control which makes it really easy to command. What you will need is a standard 2.5mm stereo male jack, some wires and that's it!

You just need to solder the 3 wires to the jack connector. One for the ground, one for the focus command, and one for the trigger command. To focus, just put the focus contact to the ground; and it works the same way to take a picture.

So how to control the camera with an Arduino?

We will use two digital ports of the Arduino to control trigger and focus of the camera. When these outputs will be set LOW, they will fire the action they are supposed to create (focus or trigger). When set HIGH, nothing will happen. To protect the camera, you should put a resistor between the outputs and the camera (I used 2.2K resistor) just to make sure no current goes into the DSLR.

The final schematics look like this:

The program will be pretty simple too : if something is detected, take a picture and turn on the control LED

Here it is:


#include <Camera.h> // The Camera library makes it easier to control a DSLR

/********PINS*********/

int PIR_Pin = 3; //the digital pin connected to the PIR sensor's output
int LED_Pin = 2;
int focusPin=6;
int shutterPin=7;

/********VARIABLES****/

int idletime =0; // The time since last picture
int lastshot=0; // The millis() when the last picture was taken
int burstInterval=5000; //The time between pictures when motion is on
int calibrationTime = 30; // The sensor calibration time (so we don't get false positives when we start the Arduino up)
long unsigned int lowIn;//the time when the sensor outputs a low impulse
long unsigned int pause = 2000;// The time necessary for the motion to be gone after the sensor has gone to a LOW state
boolean lockLow = true; // goes to false when a motion is detected
boolean takeLowTime;
boolean burst=false;// burst mode indicator
Camera* eos; // a pointer to our DSLR

void setup()
{
eos =new Camera(focusPin,shutterPin);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(PIR_Pin, INPUT);
pinMode(LED_Pin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(PIR_Pin, LOW);

//Sensor calibration
Serial.print("Calibrating sensor ");
for(int i = 0; i < calibrationTime; i++){
Serial.print(".");
delay(1000);
}
delay(50);
}

void loop()
{

if(digitalRead(PIR_Pin) == HIGH){ //If a motion is detected
if(idletime>30000){ // If the camera is in sleep mode
(*eos).TriggerFocus(); // wake up the camera
idletime=0;
}

digitalWrite(LED_Pin, HIGH); //signal that a motion is detected
if (burst){ //Once the motion has been detected and a picture taken, we go into this mode to keep taking pictures every 5s until the motion ends
delay (burstInterval);
(*eos).TriggerShutter();
lastshot=millis();
idletime=0;
}
if(lockLow){
lockLow = false;// We enter in "motion" mode
(*eos).TriggerShutter();// We take a picture right away
delay(1000);
(*eos).TriggerShutter();// We take a second picture 1s later
delay(2000);
lastshot=millis();
idletime=0;
burst=true; //Now we go in burst mode,ie picture will be taken every 5S
}
takeLowTime = true;
}
if(digitalRead(PIR_Pin) == LOW){ //If mothing is detected
digitalWrite(LED_Pin, LOW); //Turn off the LED
if(takeLowTime){
lowIn = millis(); //save the time of the transition from high to LOW
takeLowTime = false; //make sure this is only done at the start of a LOW phase
}
idletime=millis()-lastshot;
burst=false;

if(!lockLow && millis() - lowIn > pause){ // If there has been more than 2000ms inactivity, we exit the motion mode
lockLow = true;
}
}

}



The Camera library is included in the project. It is a very simple library that avoids you to code the boring stuff (like setting LOW the trigger output, then HIGH again etc )

To host the electronics and the camera, I built a wooden box big enough to put everything in easily, with a lid so It could be weather resistant. Here are the pictures

This is obviously far from being perfect, the DSLR shutter noise scaring most of the animals away after the first picture, and the size and weight of this thing making it hard to place anywhere you'd want 😀

On the other hand, it does work pretty well and can take some fun pictures.

Hope this can give little help to those of you looking for ways to photograph animals